The Thirty-Fifth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MOP35) was held in Nairobi, Kenya, from October 23 to 27.

The parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer met to discuss issues on ongoing ozone layer monitoring and protection, as well as emerging issues such as geoengineering, very short-lived substances, and increasing levels of emissions that are not ozone-depleting but potent greenhouse gases among others.

“The Montreal Protocol and the Vienna Convention in the United Nations with the membership of 197 countries are one of the most successful international conventions and protocols to prevent one of the most harmful pollutants of the ozone layer by humans.

Its main goal is to prevent the destruction of the ozone protective shield (layer), and the gradual improvement and restoration of this vital layer,” Iraj Heshmati, the deputy head of the Department of Environment, said, IRNA reported.

He went on to say, “The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the leading member countries in the field of ozone protection, which is currently ahead of its pre-determined schedule reaching 30 percent.”

Iran preserving ozone layer

In 2022, according to the schedule of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol), Iran was able to fulfill its obligations and remove 9,800 tons of ozone-depleting substances from the consumption cycle, which caused the emergence of technologies compatible with the ozone layer in 1,378 production and service units.

The National Ozone Layer Protection Plan has been one of the pioneering plans in the fight against the destruction of the ozone layer. So far, it has received 4 letters of commendation from the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations.

Despite sanctions, Iran is among the leading countries in the field of expanding regional cooperation to use local capabilities to manage and remove substances that destroy the ozone layer and control the trade of materials and goods containing these substances.

Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol dates back to 1987, the world made history by adopting the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, taking the first step in healing the Earth’s protective ozone layer.

The Protocol came into effect in 1989 and now has universal ratification. Initially, the Protocol mainly controlled chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons but was quickly amended to include hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) along with other ozone-depleting substances. Over the years, the Protocol has been recognized as the most successful multilateral environmental agreement, and not without cause.

Ozone hole shrinking

The ozone hole which was once the major environmental concern turned into the least important concern today; as the concentration of harmful emissions has considerably reduced by 14 percent since 2000.

The hole has been shrinking by 1-3 percent a decade.

However, the upper ozone layer above the Northern Hemisphere is said to be completely repaired in the 2030s, and the gaping Antarctic ozone hole should disappear in the 2060s, according to a scientific assessment released in 2018 at a conference in Quito, Ecuador.

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32 years ago, use of harmful man-made chemicals began eating away at the ozone, the hole over Antarctica was first discovered by the British Antarctic Survey in 1985.

Therefore, 197 countries signed “the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer” to cut short of the substances that deplete the ozone layer; the United Nations (UN) enforced it in 1989, which is now considered the most successful international environmental treaty.

The ozone hole which was once the major environmental concern turned to the least important concern today; as the concentration of harmful emissions have considerably reduced by 14 percent since 2000.

The hole has been shrinking by 1-3 percent a decade.

However, the upper ozone layer above the Northern Hemisphere is said to be completely repaired in the 2030s, the gaping Antarctic ozone hole should disappear in the 2060s, according to a scientific assessment released in 2018 at a conference in Quito, Ecuador.

According to the UN, efforts to protect the ozone layer have also helped to tackle climate change by preventing the release of about 135 billion tons of carbon dioxide since 2010.

By the end of the century, eradicating Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) emissions not only can lead to the ozone layer repair but to reduce the temperature raise up to 0.4°C.

What caused the ozone layer to shrink and deplete?

The ozone layer is a part of the atmosphere that has high concentrations of ozone (a gas made of three oxygen atoms O3), compared to oxygen molecules that exist in nature as a pair of oxygen atoms. It exists 10km to 40km above the surface of the earth in a region called the stratosphere and contains 90 percent of all the ozone in the atmosphere.

Some harmful gasses including HCFC and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) can interfere with the formation of ozone; mostly causing gaps or holes in the layer, as well as passing UV radiation from the sun to the atmosphere.

CFCs are referred to compounds of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine, typically gases used in refrigerants and aerosol propellants. They are harmful to the ozone layer in the earth’s atmosphere owing to the release of chlorine atoms on exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

HCFCs are also man-made compounds containing hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine and carbon and do not occur naturally anywhere. These compounds are used in refrigeration, aerosol propellants, foam manufacture and air conditioning.

HCFCs are less dangerous causing a smaller risk to the ozone layer; while being very powerful greenhouse gases, which are nearly 2,000 times more potent than carbon dioxide in adding to global warming.

How Iran confronted chemicals jeopardizing the ozone layer?

Iran also joined the international cooperation protecting the fragile layer of ozone in 1989, and contributed significantly to global efforts in order to address climate change while protecting human health and ecosystems.

In 1992, the Department of Environment in collaboration with the United Nations Development Program, approved a plan to establish an ozone layer conservation office in the Montreal Protocol executive committee; and the office started working a year later.

Maryam Hasani, an official with the ozone layer conservation office, told IRNA that activities of the ozone conservation office are summarized in five fields of changing production process, controlling and monitoring, raising public awareness, regional and international cooperation.

“Through the first phase of the plan, we succeeded in omitting 9,800 tons of ozone-destroying gasses changing the manufacturing processes of 1,378 factories, and it is scheduled to eradicate some 2,000 tons through the second phase,” she explained.

Holding various workshops, enforcing a set of laws and regulations, and strengthening supervision in the manufacturing units are also part of the project’s second phase, which will be achieved by 2030s, she added.

She went on to say that the process is slow but effective.

According to the Montreal Protocol, advanced countries must assist developing countries such as Iran; developed countries are committed to begin their elimination activities 10 years earlier, on the other hand, she said.

Also, funding raised by different countries should be provided to developing countries as part of an ozone-compatible equipment donation, she highlighted, adding, UN will ask the countries to report on where the fund have been spent, ensuring the countries’ compliance with the protocol.

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